Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common condition affecting up to 4 per 1000 of population, and the majority of cases are due to adenoma or hyperplasia of the gland [1]. This endocrine disorder may either develop without symptoms or be classically manifested by anorexia, nausea, constipation, polydipsia and polyuria in association with hypercalcemia [1]. Worthy of note is the form of PHPT described in 2009 and characterized by normocalcemia, which persists with hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis and bone loss in the majority of the cases 1. Nephrolithiasis can complicate 20% of hypercalcemic and 18.2% of normocalcemic PHPT; moreover, calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate are the main components of the calculi [1]. Thiazide diuretics, lithium salt, immobilization, and inactivity; in addition to hyperoxaluria, hypocitraturia, low urinary pH, high salt ingestion, and low water intake play adverse roles [1]. Cinacalcet hydrochloride is a calciomimetic drug that can activate parathyroid and renal calcium-sensing receptors suppressing synthesis/ secretion of PTH, and reducing calcemia 1. This drug is also used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in people with kidney failure [1].

Introduction: Identification of the disease in its early period changes the outcome. Early reorganition of the chronic kidney disease and a timely referral to nephrologist also affects the prognosis of the disease.The factors which contribute in late referral are well known in the western population. There is a need to look into the factors in our population.

Background:The uremic syndrome is provoked by a progressive number of compounds that are normally excreted by kidneys in healthy individuals. Indoxylsulphate (IXS) and p-cresylsulphate (PCS), have been found increased in subjects with end stage renal disease (ESRD) creating great harm to biological systems; these uremic toxins come from the intestinal bacterial fermentation of the proteins.The aim of our study is to evaluate the short-term effects after an administration of pre / probiotics in CKD patients, regarding the production and then the serum concentrations of free IXS and PCS (i.e. non-protein bound fraction) and total IXS and PCS ( i.e. sum of unbound and protein bound fraction).

Purpose:This study was conducted to determine the quality of life (QoL) in dialysis patients (DP) andthe factors affecting the QoL. Material and Methods: 104 DP patients receiving treatment at a university hospital were included in this research, which was also a cross-sectional study. Data were collected with the Patient Information Form (PIF) and Kidney Disease Quality of Life Form (KDQOL-36). Collected data were evaluated on SPSS. Result: The most affected QoL dimensions in the sampling were disease burden based on kidney disease, physical health-12 and mental health-12, respectively. The QoL was found low in higher ages, women, people with low education level, people living with family and patients undergoing dialysis for a long time (p< 0.05), and mental health was low in single people. Moreover, mental health component scores were especially obtained low in people who didn’t adherence their diet. In our study, the effect on quality of life was not found statistically important in terms of having a comorbid disease and taking erythropoietin (p> 0.05).

Background: Language barriers are associated with worse health outcomes in the general population but data in kidney transplantation is lacking. This study tested the hypothesis that non-native English speakers using interpreters have poorer outcomes after kidney transplantation compared to native English speakers. Methods: A single-center retrospective study analyzing all kidney allograft recipients transplanted between 2007-2015, with data linkage between various electronic patient records to create comprehensive database.

Uric Acid appears to be one of the most important prognostic markers and one of the principal risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to assess three groups of patients: a first group treated with Allopurinol (AL), a second group not adequately controlled by treatment with AL or allergic to AL switched to treatment with Febuxostat (AL/FB) and a third group of naive patients immediately treated with Febuxostat (FB). The effectiveness and tolerability of both drugs were therefore assessed over time.

Introduction: One of most common treatments of end-stage renal disease is peritoneal dialysis. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis is a complication in which the osmotic capacity of the peritoneal barrier is lost, due to infections or the irritating effect of dialysis solutions. This pathology has different clinical presentations, hence the need of different diagnostic and therapeutic methods.